This ideological transformation was aimed at calling for patriotism, fighting against the French, and defending the nation from colonial domination. Indigenous scholars combined the Han ideology of Confucianism and the ideology of the French to claim that the Vietnamese were the descendants of the Hùng Vương. The colonial scholars (from 1860 to 1945), when using the theory of race, anthropology, and social evolution theory, thought that the Annam people were a hybrid breed, still in the process of evolution, and needed to be enlightened civilized. Confucian scholars from the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries claimed themself to be descendants of Han people, the successors of the Han civilization. The origin(s) of the Vietnamese people has long been a subject of debate. This paper examines how political discourses have changed as scholars seek answers regarding the origins of the Vietnamese people. Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Institute for Sino-Nom Studies, Hanoi, VietnamĬonfucianism, race, fictive kinship, nationalism, invented tradition Abstract
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